Las acciones reconstitutivas del patrimonio del deudor, como mecanismo de protección de los derechos del acreedor tributario

Fecha
2026
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Universidad de Manizales
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Resumen
El sistema tributario colombiano está fundamentado en principios constitucionales que responsabilizan a los ciudadanos de hacer contribuciones a las finanzas del Estado. Sin embargo, actos de fraude, como el de la insolvencia fraudulenta -el acto intencional de despojar u ocultar activos para evitar pagos de impuestos- subvierten ese deber e impactan la recaudación de ingresos públicos.
Por ello, se adoptan acciones de recuperación de activos de acuerdo con el ordenamiento jurídico vigente, entre ellas la acción pauliana, la revocación de quiebra, la acción oblicua y la acción de simulación, diseñadas para restaurar la garantía común de los acreedores. El presente trabajo evalúa si tales medidas pueden ser tomadas por la Dirección de Impuestos y Aduanas Nacionales (DIAN) como acreedor fiscal. Encontrando que la DIAN efectivamente podría presentar estas acciones en caso de tal fraude si demuestra: i) un crédito fiscal antes del fraude, ii) un daño al activo y cumple con iii) los diversos aspectos requeridos por cada legislación. Estas acciones permiten a las autoridades fiscales la recuperación de activos defraudados, manteniendo el tesoro y fortaleciendo la eficiencia del sistema de recaudación, proporcionando así también la protección de la justicia fiscal y la seguridad jurídica.
The Colombian tax system is based on constitutional principles that hold citizens accountable for contributing to the state’s finances. However, acts of fraud, such as fraudulent insolvency the intentional act of divesting or concealing assets to avoid paying taxes—undermine that duty and impact the collection of public revenue. Therefore, asset recovery actions are taken in accordance with current law, including the Paulian action, bankruptcy revocation, the oblique action, and the action for simulation, designed to restore the common security of creditors. This paper evaluates whether such measures may be taken by the National Tax and Customs Directorate (DIAN) as a tax creditor. It finds that the DIAN could indeed file these actions in the event of such fraud if it demonstrates: i) a tax claim prior to the fraud, ii) damage to the asset and complies with iii) the various requirements set forth in each applicable law. These actions allow tax authorities to recover defrauded assets, thereby preserving the treasury and strengthening the efficiency of the tax collection system, while also ensuring the protection of tax justice and legal certainty.
The Colombian tax system is based on constitutional principles that hold citizens accountable for contributing to the state’s finances. However, acts of fraud, such as fraudulent insolvency the intentional act of divesting or concealing assets to avoid paying taxes—undermine that duty and impact the collection of public revenue. Therefore, asset recovery actions are taken in accordance with current law, including the Paulian action, bankruptcy revocation, the oblique action, and the action for simulation, designed to restore the common security of creditors. This paper evaluates whether such measures may be taken by the National Tax and Customs Directorate (DIAN) as a tax creditor. It finds that the DIAN could indeed file these actions in the event of such fraud if it demonstrates: i) a tax claim prior to the fraud, ii) damage to the asset and complies with iii) the various requirements set forth in each applicable law. These actions allow tax authorities to recover defrauded assets, thereby preserving the treasury and strengthening the efficiency of the tax collection system, while also ensuring the protection of tax justice and legal certainty.
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Tributación, DIAN, Reformas tributarias, Derecho tributario, Justicia fiscal, Contabilidad y estado