Evaluando el contenido de Plomo (Pb) en suelos y granos de cacao en el departamento de Córdoba

Fecha
2026
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Universidad de Manizales
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Resumen: El cacao (Theobroma cacao L.) es un cultivo estratégico para pequeños y medianos productores en el sur de Córdoba, donde la expansión de las áreas sembradas requiere una valoración del riesgo en cuanto al contenido y nivel de contaminación de plomo (Pb) para la seguridad alimentaria y el acceso a mercados internacionales. El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar la presencia de Pb en suelos cacaoteros y granos de cacao en 94 fincas de los municipios de Montelíbano, Puerto Libertador, Tierralta y Valencia, considerando las propiedades químicas de los suelos. Se realizó un muestreo compuesto de suelos y granos de cacao. Se cuantificó Pb mediante ICP-MS y se determinaron las propiedades químicas de los suelos. Los resultados se analizaron mediante estadística descriptiva y el coeficiente de correlación de Spearman (r). Las concentraciones de Pb en suelos oscilaron entre 2,25 y 16,70 mg kg-1, mientras que en granos los promedios variaron entre 0,01 y 0,05 mg kg-1. No se encontró relación significativa entre Pb en suelos y granos, y las correlaciones entre el Pb y los parámetros de suelo indican que este metal pesado está asociado con Fe, P, B, Ca, Mg y la CICE (r = 0,53; 0,52; 0,51; 0,51; 0,49 y 0,57). Por tanto, las fincas evaluadas no presentan riesgo de fitotoxicidad por Pb. Sin embargo, se resalta la necesidad de avanzar en una regulación nacional de Pb en suelos, granos de cacao y productos transformados como ya se está desarrollando con Cd.
Abstract: Cacao (Theobroma cacao L.) is a strategic crop for small and medium-sized producers in southern Córdoba. In such region, the expansion of cropped areas needs the understanding of lead (Pb) content for food safety and access to international markets. This study aimed to assess the Pb content in soils and cacao beans on 94 farms in the municipalities of Montelíbano, Puerto Libertador, Tierralta, and Valencia, considering the soil properties. A composite sampling of soils and dried and fermented beans was performed. Pb was quantified using ICP-MS, and soil properties were used for comparison. The results were analysed using descriptive statistics and Spearman's correlation coefficient. Pb content in soils ranged between 2.25 - 16.70 mg kg-1 on average, while in beans, the content ranged between 0.01 - 0.05 mg kg-1 on average. No significant relationship was found between soils Pb and beans Pb content. Interestingly, the correlation between Pb and soil parameters, suggest that Pb is more associated with Fe, P, B, Ca, Mg and CEC (r = 0,53; 0,52; 0,51; 0,51; 0,49 and 0,57). Consequently, our results suggests that the farms assessed suggest that beans Pb content have not a risk with Pb, for commercialization. Nonetheless, it is worth mentioning that it is an increasing need to move forward across a national regulation in both soils, beans Pb, and final products.
Abstract: Cacao (Theobroma cacao L.) is a strategic crop for small and medium-sized producers in southern Córdoba. In such region, the expansion of cropped areas needs the understanding of lead (Pb) content for food safety and access to international markets. This study aimed to assess the Pb content in soils and cacao beans on 94 farms in the municipalities of Montelíbano, Puerto Libertador, Tierralta, and Valencia, considering the soil properties. A composite sampling of soils and dried and fermented beans was performed. Pb was quantified using ICP-MS, and soil properties were used for comparison. The results were analysed using descriptive statistics and Spearman's correlation coefficient. Pb content in soils ranged between 2.25 - 16.70 mg kg-1 on average, while in beans, the content ranged between 0.01 - 0.05 mg kg-1 on average. No significant relationship was found between soils Pb and beans Pb content. Interestingly, the correlation between Pb and soil parameters, suggest that Pb is more associated with Fe, P, B, Ca, Mg and CEC (r = 0,53; 0,52; 0,51; 0,51; 0,49 and 0,57). Consequently, our results suggests that the farms assessed suggest that beans Pb content have not a risk with Pb, for commercialization. Nonetheless, it is worth mentioning that it is an increasing need to move forward across a national regulation in both soils, beans Pb, and final products.
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Desarrollo sostenible, Theobroma Cacao L, Cacao, Plomo, Suelos